The results are part of the 2014 Monitoring the Future survey, which studied 40,000 to 50,000 students in the 8th, 10th and 12th grades throughout the United
States to track trends in substance use in American teens. Use of e-cigarettes
has been measured for the first time in the study, now in its 40th year.
"As one of the newest smoking-type products in recent years, e- cigarettes have made rapid inroads into the lives of American adolescents," said University
of Michigan Professor Richard Miech, a senior investigator of the study. "Part
of the reason for the popularity of e-cigarettes is the perception among teens
that they do not harm health."
The survey found that 9 percent of the 8th-graders reported using an e-cigarette in the past 30 days, while only 4 percent reported using a tobacco
cigarette.
In the 10th grade, 16 percent reported using an e-cigarette and 9 percent reported using a tobacco cigarette. Among the 12th- graders, 17 percent reported
e-cigarette use and 14 percent reported use of a tobacco cigarette.
On the other hand, only 15 percent of the 8th-graders said there is a great risk of harm with regular use of e-cigarettes, compared with 62 percent of the
8th-graders who said there is a great risk by smoking one or more packs of
tobacco cigarettes a day.
The study did not determine whether youth who use e-cigarettes exclusively were more likely to later go on to become tobacco cigarette smokers, which is of
substantial concern to the public health community.
But it did found cigarette smoking reached historical lows among teens in 2014 in all three grades. For the three grades combined, 28 percent reported any
smoking in the prior month in 1998, the recent peak year, but that rate was down
to 8 percent this year.
E-cigarettes are battery-powered devices with a heating element, which produce an aerosol of nicotine and other chemicals. The liquid that is vaporized
in e-cigarettes comes in hundreds of flavors, including bubble gum and milk
chocolate cream to attract younger teens.
In April, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed rules that could eventually ban the sale of e-cigarettes to individuals under the age of
18.
"We are concerned about the levels of e-cigarette use among teens that we are seeing," said University of Michigan Professor Lloyd Johnston, the study's
principal investigator. "It would be a tragedy if this product undid some of the
great progress made to date in reducing cigarette smoking by teens."
CNR Corp displays their products at Modern Railways Exhibition in Beijing on Oct 28, 2014.[PhotoCFP]
China's two railway vehicle manufacturers, CNR Corp and CSR Corp, announced on Tuesday that they will merge into one conglomerate.
The merger comes after two months of government review and preparation, officially ending an era in which the companies often cut into each other's
profit in the global market.
Wang Mengshu, an academic at the Chinese Academy of Engineering and an ardent supporter of the move, said the domestic market for high-speed trains is quite
saturated, so the merger will prevent unhealthy price competition in the world
market.
"The new group will have a clear edge over global rivals by being able to optimize the two rail product manufacturers' technological edges, human capital
and production capacity," said Wang.
CSR will issue shares to CNR's shareholders to complete the merger. Trading in shares is set to resume on Wednesday, according to a number of announcements
released on the websites of CSR, and the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchanges.
Over the last three years, CNR and CSR often found themselves competing against each other for overseas orders, including a contract to build a
high-speed rail line connecting Turkey's two largest cities (won by CSR) and the
largest export contract of mainline passenger trains to Argentina (won by CNR).
Though the Chinese train makers were rarely underbid by competitors from Germany, France, Canada and Japan, they often had to battle each other with
lower prices to win international contracts.
"As the Chinese economy has entered a ‘new normal', the central government is eager to create bigger international brands from its high-end industries such as
rail products and communications to maintain quality growth," said Zhang Ji,
director-general of the department of foreign trade at the Ministry of Commerce.
"New normal" refers to economic conditions in China that differ from the former high-growth period. The trade volume of China's rail products,
telecommunication and power equipment grew 10 percent year-on-year between
January and November, according to the latest customs data.
Feng Hao, a rail transportation researcher at the National Development and Reform Commission, said China is also hoping to upgrade the strength of its
industrial chain through this merger.
"The amalgamation can be a practical way to aid the further development of China's electronic, electrical, mechanical and materials industries," said Feng.
However, Feng said a lot of work still lies ahead on various aspects of this deal, such as sorting out duplication of construction operations and other
overcapacity, as well as avoiding monopolistic activities.
CSR Corp displays their products at Modern Railways Exhibition in Beijing on Oct 28, 2014.[PhotoCFP]
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