Coagulation and flocculation are essential processes in various disciplines. In potable water treatment, clarification of water using
coagulating agents has been practiced from ancient times. As early as
2000 BC the Egyptians used almonds smeared around vessels to clarify
river water. The use of alum as a coagulant by the Romans was mentioned
in around 77 AD. By 1757, alum was being used for coagulation in
municipal water treatment in England.
In modern water treatment, coagulation and flocculation are still essential components of the overall suite of treatment processes –
understandably, because since 1989 the regulatory limit in the US for
treated water turbidity has progressively reduced from 1.0 NTU in 1989
to 0.3 NTU today. Many water utilities are committed to consistently
producing treated water turbidities of less than 0.1 NTU to guard
against pathogen contamination.
Coagulation is also important in several wastewater treatment operations. A common example is chemical phosphorus removal and
another, in overloaded wastewatertreatment plants, is the practice of
chemically enhancing primary treatment to reduce suspended solids and
organic loads from primary clarifiers.
The commonly used metal coagulants fall into two general categories: those based on aluminum and those based on iron. The aluminum
coagulants include aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride and sodium
aluminate. The iron coagulants include ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate,
ferric chloride and ferric chloride sulfate. Other chemicals used as
coagulants include hydrated lime and magnesium carbonate.
The effectiveness of aluminum and iron coagulants arises principally from their ability to form multi-charged polynuclear complexes with
enhanced adsorptioncharacteristics. The nature of the complexes formed
may be controlled by the pH of the system.
When metal coagulants are added to water the metal ions (Al and Fe) hydrolyze rapidly but in a somewhat uncontrolled manner, forming a
series of metal hydrolysis species. The efficiency of rapid mixing, the
pH, and the coagulant dosage determine which hydrolysis species is
effective for treatment.
There has been considerable development of pre-hydrolyzed inorganic coagulants, based on both aluminum and iron to produce the correct
hydrolysis species regardless of the process conditions during
treatment. These include aluminum chlorohydrate, polyaluminum chloride,
polyaluminum sulfate chloride, polyaluminum silicate chloride and forms
of polyaluminum chloride with organic polymers. Iron forms include
polyferric sulfate and ferric salts with polymers. There are also
polymerized aluminum-iron blends.www.iroatmp.com
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