E-cigarette use significantly increases a person’s risk of developing chronic lung diseases like asthma, bronchitis, emphysema or chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, according to new UC San Francisco
research, the first longitudinal study linking e-cigarettes to
respiratory illness in a sample representative of the entire U.S. adult
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The study also found that people who used e-cigarettes and also smoked tobacco – by far the most common pattern among adult e-cigarette
users – were at an even higher risk of developing chronic lung disease
than those who used either product alone.
The findings were published Dec. 16, 2019, in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine and are based on an analysis of publicly available
data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH), which
tracked e-cigarette and tobacco habits as well as new lung disease
diagnoses in over 32,000 American adults from 2013 to 2016.
Though several earlier population studies had found an association between e-cigarette use and lung disease at a single point in time,
these so-called cross-sectional studies provided a snapshot that made it
impossible for researchers to say whether lung disease was being caused
by e-cigarettes or if people with lung disease were more likely to use
e-cigarettes.
By starting with people who did not have any reported lung disease, taking account of their e-cigarette use and smoking from the start, and
then following them for three years, the new longitudinal study offers
stronger evidence of a causal link between adult e-cigarette use and
lung diseases than prior studies.
“What we found is that for e-cigarette users, the odds of developing lung disease increased by about a third, even after controlling for
their tobacco use and their clinical and demographic information,” said
senior author Stanton Glantz, PhD, a UCSF professor of medicine and
director of the UCSF Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education.
“We concluded that e-cigarettes are harmful on their own, and the effects are independent of smoking conventional tobacco,” Glantz said.
Though current and former e-cigarette users were 1.3 times more likely to develop chronic lung disease, tobacco smokers increased their
risk by a factor of 2.6. For dual users – people who smoke and use
e-cigarettes at the same time – these two risks multiply, more than
tripling the risk of developing lung disease. Dual users – the most
common use pattern among people who use e-cigarettes – get the combined
risk of e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes, so they’re actually
worse off than tobacco smokers,” said Glantz.
This finding is particularly relevant as the debate continue to rage over whether e-cigarettes should be promoted as a harm-reduction tool
for smokers. While the authors found that switching from smoked tobacco
to e-cigarettes lowered the risk of developing lung disease, fewer than 1
percent of the smokers had completely switched to e-cigarettes.
“Switching from conventional cigarettes to e-cigarettes exclusively could reduce the risk of lung disease, but very few people do it,” said
Glantz. “For most smokers, they simply add e-cigarettes and become dual
users, significantly increasing their risk of developing lung disease
above just smoking.”
Importantly, the results reported in this study are unrelated to EVALI (E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury), the
acute lung disease first reported last summer, severe cases of which
sent several e-cigarette users to the hospital and others to an early
grave. Though scientists are still working to determine the cause of
EVALI, prior physiological studies in both animals and humans found that
e-cigarettes suppress the immune system and increase the levels of
stress-related proteins in the lungs. And chemical analyses showed that
e-cigarettes contain higher levels of certain toxic chemicals than
conventional cigarettes. But the new study shows that these are not the
only health threats posed by e-cigarettes.
