QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7820 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
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jojiiiiiiiiiiiiii
yeh mazahiya mushaira nahin hai bhai
laam
lab-e Khaamosh se afshaa hoga
raaz har rang mainn ruswaa hoga
dil ke sehraa main chali sard hawa
abar gulzaar pe barsaa hoga
(ahmed nadeem qasmi)
ALIF
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7820 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
ALLERGIC RHINITIS
Allergic rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal lining.
It causes chronic sneezing, runny nose or a blocked nose.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis is also known as hay fever.
It is caused by allergies to various types of pollen.
Perennial allergic rhinitis is caused by allergies to things like dust mites, chemicals and cats.
Skin prick tests can help identify what substance a sufferer is allergic to.
The rate of allergic rhinitis varies from 1.4 percent to 40 percent around the world.
There is evidence the prevalence of the condition is increasing.
What is allergic rhinitis?
Rhinitis means inflammation of the nasal lining or mucosa. It is characterised by chronic or recurrent sneezing, rhinorrhea (runny nose), itchy and blocked nose, which may be labeled as allergic when an allergen is identified. The most well known form of rhinitis is the common cold, which is infectious rhinitis due to a virus.
The hallmark of allergic rhinitis is the relationship of symptoms on exposure to an allergen. Your nose is not the only organ that may be affected in allergic rhinitis. You may have itching of your eyes (allergic conjunctivitis), throat and ears.
There are two types of allergic rhinitis:
Seasonal allergic rhinitis or hay fever - when symptoms are experienced only during spring and/or summer. It is usually due to various types of pollen, which are carried by the wind and easily breathed into the nose. When most people talk about hay fever it usually means seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Perennial allergic rhinitis - when symptoms are experienced all year round. It is usually caused by allergens such as house dust mite, particles from the family pets known as animal dander, or mould spores which are carried in the air.
Other causes of perennial rhinitis
Occupational: vets working with furred animals, bakers allergic to flour, health workers allergic to latex, etc.
Drugs: Oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, aspirin & other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anti-hypertensives can all cause rhinitis.
How common is allergic rhinitis?
Allergic rhinitis is estimated to have a prevalence of up to 40% in the New Zealand and Australian populations.
A recent ISAAC study of 460,000 children aged 13 to 14 years found the prevalence of allergic rhinitis varies from 1.4 percent to 39.7 percent in countries around the world.
The lowest rates were found in parts of Eastern Europe, south and central Asia. The highest rates were found in regions in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States and the United Kingdom.
The overall rate was 13.9 percent and nearly half of the children studied also asthma or eczema. Areas with low rates of allergic rhinitis also had low rates of asthma and eczema.
There is mounting evidence of a rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases, including rhinitis, over recent decades. Lifestyle factors may be important given the high prevalence of rhinitis and other allergic diseases found in westernised English-speaking countries.
What is the mechanism of allergic rhinitis?
Allergic rhinitis is a hypersensitivity response to specific allergens in sensitised patients that are mediated by IgE antibodies. Sensitised patients with allergic rhinitis have IgE antibodies for specific allergen(s) bound to receptors on the surface of mast cells. On re-exposure to the specific allergen(s), cross-linking of adjacent IgE molecules occurs, and mast cell degranulation (rupture) takes place, releasing a variety of chemical mediators that may be performed (histamine) or newly synthesized (leukotrienes, prostaglandins).
Histamine causes the cardinal symptoms of allergic rhinitis including sneezing, nasal itching, and runny nose. The nasal congestion is more due to leukotrienes than to histamine. Hence antihistamines are not very good at relieving nasal congestion.
A large number of patients with allergic rhinitis will have an increase in sensitivity to allergens after repeated daily exposure; an effect called "priming". At the start of the pollen season, comparatively large doses of pollens are needed to trigger an allergic response but toward the middle and end of the season, patients become extremely reactive to even small amounts of pollen.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7820 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
Semolina Kheer
Ingredients :
Semolina (Rava) - 50 gms
Milk - 1/2 litre
Sugar - 100 gms
Powdered Cardamom - 2 no's
Water - 2 cups
Ghee or Dalda - 1 tsp
Small Onion - 2 no's
Method of Preparation :
Cook semolina in 2 glasses of water. Add milk, when it is half done. Boil well and add sugar and powdered cardamom. Remove from fire
Sauté sliced onions in ghee or dalda. When the onions become reddish brown, pour it over the boiled semolina. Serve hot.
QUEEN VICTORIA
Age: 124
7820 days old here
Total Posts: 26285
Points: 0
Location:
Lahore, Pakistan
Haleem
Ingredients :
1. Wheat - 1/2kg
2. Water - 3litre
3. Sliced Onion - 1
4. Salt - to taste
5. Clove, Cinnamon, Cardamom - 1 or 2 each
6. Cashew nuts, Raisins, Onion - to decorate
7. Chicken or Mutton - 150gm
8. Ghee - 30 gm
Method of Preparation :
Cut the chicken or mutton into small pieces. Cook the meat with wheat, sliced onion, spices and salt in water. Cook on slow fire till the meat is tender. Remove from fire. Take out the mutton and chicken pieces and grind the rest (wheat, onions and spices). Mash the mutton or chicken pieces and add it to the ground mixture. Fry cashew nuts and raisins in ghee and pour it over the haleem. Decorate with fried onion and serve hot
